Thursday, October 13, 2011

Pengertian, Letak, dan Tempat Perusahaan

1.  Pengertian Perusahaan
Perusahaan adalah suatu tempat untuk melakukan kegiatan proses produksi barang atau jasa. Hal ini disebabkan karena kebutuhan manusia tidak bisa digunakan secara langsung dan harus melewati sebuah proses di suatu tempat, sehingga inti dari perusahaan ialah tempat melakukan proses sampai bisa langsung digunakan oleh manusia.
Untuk menghasilkan barang siap konsumsi, perusahaan memerlukan bahan – bahan dan faktor pendukung lainnya, seperti bahan baku, bahan pembantu, peralatan dan tenaga kerja. Untuk memperoleh bahan baku dan bahan pembantu serta tenaga kerja dikeluarkan sejumlah biaya yang disebut biaya produksi.
Hasil dari kegiatan produksi adalah barang atau jasa, barang atau jasa inilah yang akan dijual untuk memperoleh kembali biaya yang dikeluarkan. Jika hasil penjualan barang atau jasa lebih besar dari biaya yang dikeluarkan maka perusahaan tersebut memperoleh keuntungan dan sebalik jika hasil jumlah hasil penjualan barang atau jasa lebih kecil dari jumlah biaya yang dikeluarkan maka perusaahaan tersebut akan mengalami kerugian. Dengan demikian dalam menghasilkan barang perusahaan menggabungkan beberapa faktor produksi untuk mencapi tujuan yaitu keuntungan.
Perusahaan merupakan kesatuan teknis yang bertujuan menghasilkan barang atau jasa. Perusahaan juga disebut tempat berlangsungnya proses produksi yang menggabungkan faktor – faktor produksi untuk menghasilkan barang dan jasa. Perusahaan merupakan alat dari badan usaha untuk mencapai tujuan yaitu mencari keuntungan. Orang atau lembaga yang melakukan usaha pada perusahaan disebut pengusaha, para pengusaha berusaha dibidang usaha yang beragam.



2.  Tempat dan Letak Perusahaan
A. Tempat Perusahaan
Tempat perusahaan adalah kantor pusat perusahaan tersebut. Tempat kedudukan perusahaan pada umumnya dipengaruhi faktor kelancaran hubungan dengan lembaga-lembaga lain, seperti lembaga pemerintah, lembaga keuangan, pelanggan, dan sebagainya.
B.  Letak Perusahaan
Letak perusahaan sering pula disebut tempat kediaman perusahaan,yaitu tempat dimana perusahaan melakukan kegiatannya sehari-hari.Sedangkan istilah tempat kedudukan perusahaan dapat diartikan sebagai tempat kantor pusat perusahaan.
Dengan semakin tajamnya persaingan serta banyaknya perusahaan yang saat ini bermunculan,maka pemilihan letak perusahaan ini sudah tidak mungkin dilakukan dengan cara coba-coba.Karena dengan cara itu perusahaan akan kalah dalam bersaing;disamping waktu harus berpacu,juga efisiensi di bidang biaya perlu mendapat perhatian.Oleh karena itu pemilihan letak perusahaan ini harus dilakukan dan diputuskan melalui beberapa pertimbangan yang disertai fakta yang kongkrit dan lengkap.
a)   Jenis Letak Perusahaan
      Ada 4 jenis letak perusahaan :
·       Letak perusahaan yang terkait pada alam
Letak perusahaan ini sangat ditentukan oleh sumber-sumber alam,jadi tidak dapat ditentukan oleh manusia;misalkan,usaha pertanian,pertambangan.
·       Letak perusahaan berdasarkan sejarah
Letak perusahaan ini hanya dapat dijelaskan dengan adanya sejarah dilokasi itu.Misalkan kerajinan batik di daerah surakarta dan jogjakarta.Hal ini disebabkan dulu seni membatik ini dimulai dari para wanita dalam kraton.
·       Letak perusahaan yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah
Dalam hal ini pemerintahlah yang menentukan dimana perusahaan menjalankan aktivitasnya.Hal ini agar masyarakat disekitar lokasi itu tidak merasa tergangggu karena adanya perusahaan itu.
·       Letak perusahaan yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor ekonomi.
Pada umumnya jenis perusahaan ini bersifat industri.Disini ada beberapa faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam menentukan letak perusahaan:
1)      Dekat dengan bahan baku
Contoh : pabrik gula, pabrik semen
2)      Dekat dengan pasar
Contoh : pabrik roti (Bakery), rumah makan dan juga perusahaan jasa seperti Bank/Asuransi.
3)      Dekat dengan pemasok tenaga kerja
Contoh : pabrik rokok, pabrik kembang gula.
4)      Dekat dengan penyedia sumber tenaga/energi
Contoh : pabrik peleburan bijih besi, aluminium dan baja.
5)      Iklim
Contoh : pabrik the, pemintalan kapas, industri jamur.
6)      Ongkos transport
Contoh : Misalkan pabrik mobil, sangat membutuhkan lancarnya transportasi. Apabila jalan-jalan yang akan dilalui produk perusahaan ke konsumen sudah baik, maka diharapkan ongkos transportnya juga akan menjadi rendah.
7)      Besarnya suplai modal
Contoh : Perusahaan yang membutuhkan modal untuk mengembangkan usahanya, cenderung akan memilih tempat dimana penananman modal cukup besar disertai tingkat bunga yang cukup rendah.


b)   Cara Penentuan Letak Perusahaan.
Secara umum terdapat 2 macam cara untuk menentukan lokasi perusahaan yaitu :
1.       Cara kualitatif
Dengan cara ini diadakan penilaian secara kualitatif terhadap faktor-faktor yang dianggap relevan atau memegang peranan pada setiap pilihan lokasi.
2.       Cara kuantitatif
Dengan cara ini hasil analisis kualitatif dikuantifikasikan dengan cara memberikan skor(nilai)pada masing-masing kriteria. Sedangkan menurut teori Alfred Weber,dalam teorinya mengemukakan ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi penetapan lokasi perusahaan,yaitu :
·         Biaya pengangkutan
·         Biaya tenaga kerja


C.Perbedaan Tempat dan Letak Perusahaan.
Perbedaan letak perusahaan dan tempat kedudukan perusahaan terletak pada fungsinya. Tempat kedudukan perusahaan berfungsi sebagai tempat administrasi perusahaan tersebut dan cenderung ke kota-kota besar, sedangkan letak perusahaan berfungsi sebagai tempat mengolah produk (keadaan fisik perusahaan untuk melaksanakan kegiatan operasional).


3. Contoh Nama-Nama Perusahaan
·      PT. Sahid Artha Sari
Bidang usaha  : Pedagang valuta asing Hotel Sahid Jaya, Ground Floor
·      PT. Money Changer Sahid Artha Sari
Bidang Usaha : Pedangang valuta asing.
·      PT. Sahid Gema Wisata Tours & Travel
Bidang Usaha : Pelaku bepergian Hotel Sahid Raya Solo.
·      PT. Safarijunie Textindo Industry
Bidang Usaha : Tekstil
·      PT. Rukun Gaya Baru
Bidang Usaha : Angkutan Jalan
·      PT. Road Transportation Rukun Gaya Baru
Bidang Usaha : Angkutan jalan
·      Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd.
Bidang Usaha : Transportasi Udara
·      PT. Rodeo Kerta Kencana
Bidang Usaha : Pakaian
·      PT. Garment Rodeo Kerta Kencana
Bidang Usaha : Pakaian
·      PT. Safety Equipment Rizki Adhibuana Perkasa
Bidang Usaha : Alat-alat perlengkapan keselamatan
·      PT. Rodainfo
Bidang Usaha : Perangkat keras EDP dan perangkat; Paket software
·      PT. Software package Rodainfo
Bidang Usaha : Perangkat keras EDP dan perangkat; Paket Software
·      PT. Rimba Ramin Pontianak
Bidang Usaha : Kayu lapis
·      PT. Plywood Rimba Ramin Pontiank
Bidang Usaha : Kayu lapis
·      PT. Rentalindo Visual Mandiri
Bidang Usaha : Proyektor persewaan LCD jasa Rentalindo Building
·      PT. Rembaka
Bidang Usaha : Produk kosmetik
·      PT. Cosmetic Product Rambaka
Bidang Usaha : Kosmetik
·      PT. Refika Aditama
Bidang Usaha : Berdagang umum; Cetak; Bukukan penerbit
·      PT. Rangalo Nusantara Jaya
Bidang Usaha : Materi pembuatan tahan air
·      PT. Waterproofing material Rangalo nusantara Jaya
Bidang Usaha : Materi pembuatan tahan air
·      PT. Ranah Indah
Bidang Usaha : Kabar penerbit surat
·      PT. Newspaper Publisher Ranah Indah
Bidang Usaha : Kabar penerbit surat
·      PT. Rama Wira Perdana
Bidang Usaha : Pelaku bepergian
·      PT. Quasar Cakradaya Mandiri
Bidang Usaha : Peralatan Telekomunikasi
·      PT. Prima Icon Steel
Bidang Usaha : Atap Logam
·      PT. Metal Roofing Prima Icon Steel
Bidang Usaha : Atap Logam
·      PT. Master Woveindo Label
Bidang Usaha : Tenun dan mencetak label
·      PT. Masuya Graha Tri Kencana
Bidang Usaha : Produk makanan
·      PT. McDermott Indonesia
Bidang Usaha : Pengeboran dan gas kontraktor
·      PT. Mechanical Power Resources
Bidang Usaha : Gir; Kopling
·      PT. Mecaf
Bidang Usaha : Alat-alat perlengkapan peralatan rumah tangga untuk militer


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